Stanford University

Stanford University
Stanford University

Stanford University (officially Leland Stanford Junior University) is a private research university inStanford, California, and one of the world's leading educational institutions,^{[10][11][12][13]} with the top position in numerous rankings and measures in the United States.^{[14][15][16][17][18][19][20]}

Stanford was founded in 1885 by Leland Stanford,former Governor of and U.S. Senator from California and leading railroad tycoon,and his wife, Jane Lathrop Stanford, in memory of their only child, Leland Stanford, Jr., who had died of typhoid fever at age 15 the previous year. Stanford was opened on October 1, 1891^[2][3]as a coeducational and non-denominational institution. Tuition was free until 1920.^[21][22] The university struggled financially after Leland Stanford's 1893 death and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.^[23] Following World War II, Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates' entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as Silicon Valley. By 1970, Stanford was home to a linear accelerator, and was one of the original fourARPANET nodes (precursor to the Internet).^[24]

The main campus is located in northern Santa Clara Valley adjacent to Palo Alto and between San Jose andSan Francisco. Other holdings, such as laboratories, and nature reserves, are located outside the main campus.^[7][25] Its 8,180-acre (3,310 ha)^[25] campus is one of the largest in the United States.^[8] The university is also one of the top fundraising institutions in the country, becoming the first school to raise more than a billion dollars in a year.^[26]

Stanford's academic strength is broad with 40 departments in the three academic schools that have undergraduate students and another four professional schools. Students compete in 36 varsity sports, and the university is one of two private institutions in the Division I FBS Pacific-12 Conference. It has gained 107NCAA team championships, the second-most for a university, 476 individual championships, the most in Division I,^[27] and has won the NACDA Directors' Cup, recognizing the university with the best overall athletic team achievement, every year since 1994-1995.^[28]

Stanford faculty and alumni have founded many companies including Google, Hewlett-Packard, Nike, Sun Microsystems, Instagram and Yahoo!, and companies founded by Stanford alumni generate more than $2.7 trillion in annual revenue, equivalent to the 10th-largest economy in the world.^[29] It is the alma mater of 30 living billionaires, 17 astronauts, and 18 Turing Award laureates.^{[note 2]} It is also one of the leading producers of members of the United States Congress.^[48][49] The University has affiliated with 59 Nobel laureates and 2 Fields Medalists (when awarded).^[50][51]

History

Origins and early years (1885–1906)[edit]

The university officially opened on October 1, 1891 to 555 students. On the university's opening day, Founding President David Starr Jordan (1851–1931) said to Stanford's Pioneer Class: "[Stanford] is hallowed by no traditions; it is hampered by none. Its finger posts all point forward."^[52] However, much preceded the opening and continued for several years until the death of the last Founder, Jane Stanford, in 1905 and the destruction of the 1906 earthquake.

Foundation[edit]

Stanford was founded by Leland Stanford, a railroad magnate, U.S. senator, and former California governor, together with his wife, Jane Lathrop Stanford. It is named in honor of their only child, Leland Stanford, Jr., who died in 1884 from typhoid fever just before his 16th birthday. His parents decided to dedicate a university to their only son, and Leland Stanford told his wife, "The children of California shall be our children."^[2] The Stanfords visited Harvard's president,Charles Eliot, and asked whether he should establish a university, technical school or museum. Eliot replied that he should found a university and an endowment of $5 million would suffice (in 1884 dollars; about $131 million today^[53]).^[54]

Leland Stanford, the university's founder, as painted by Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier in 1881 and now on display at the Cantor Center

The university's Founding Grant of Endowment from the Stanfords was issued in November 1885.^[55] Besides defining the operational structure of the university, it made several specific stipulations:

"The Trustees ... shall have the power and it shall be their duty:

• To establish and maintain at such University an educational system, which will, if followed, fit the graduate for some useful pursuit, and to this end to cause the pupils, as easily as may be, to declare the particular calling, which, in life, they may desire to pursue; ...
• To prohibit sectarian instruction, but to have taught in the University the immortality of the soul, the existence of an all-wise and benevolent Creator, and that obedience to His laws is the highest duty of man.
• To have taught in the University the right and advantages of association and co-operation.
• To afford equal facilities and give equal advantages in the University to both sexes.
• To maintain on the Palo Alto estate a farm for instruction in agriculture in all its branches."

Though the trustees are in overall charge of the university, Leland and Jane Stanford as Founders retained great control until their deaths.

University of California, San Diego

University of California, San Diego

University of California, San Diego

The University of California, San Diego (also referred to as UC San Diego or UCSD) is a public research university located in the La Jolla neighborhood of San Diego, California, in the United States.^[11] The university occupies 2,141 acres (866 ha) near the coast of the Pacific Ocean with the main campus resting on approximately 1,152 acres (466 ha).^[12] Established in 1960 near the pre-existing Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego is the seventh oldest of the 10 University of California campuses and offers over 200 undergraduate and graduate degree programs, enrolling about 22,700 undergraduate and 6,300 graduate students. UC San Diego is one of America's Public Ivy universities, which recognizes top public research universities in the United States. UC San Diego is a highly regarded research institution,ranked 14th in the world by the Academic Ranking of World Universities^[13], 18th Top World University in U.S. News & World Report 's 2015 global university rankings,^[14] 21st in the world by the Center for World University Rankings^[15], 39th in the world by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings^[16], and 44th overall in the world by QS World University Rankings.^[17] UC San Diego is also ranked 9th among public universities and 38th among all universities in the United States according to U.S. News & World Report.^[18]

UC San Diego is organized into six undergraduate residential colleges (Revelle, Muir, Marshall, Warren,Roosevelt, and Sixth), three graduate schools (Jacobs School of Engineering, Rady School of Managementand School of Global Policy and Strategy), and two professional medical schools (UC San Diego School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences) ^[19] UC San Diego is also home toScripps Institution of Oceanography, one of the first centers dedicated to ocean, earth and atmospheric science research and education.^[20] The UC San Diego Health System, the region’s only academic health system, provides patient care, conducts medical research and educates future health care professionals.

The university operates 19 organized research units (ORUs), including the Qualcomm Institute (a branch of the California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology),^[21] San Diego Supercomputer Center and the Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, as well as eight School of Medicine research units, six research centers at Scripps Institution of Oceanography and two multi-campus initiatives, including theInstitute on Global Conflict and Cooperation.^[22] UC San Diego is also affiliated with several regional research centers, such as the Salk Institute, the Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, the Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, and the Scripps Research Institute. According to the National Science Foundation, UCSD spent $1.076 billion on research and develooment in fiscal year 2013,ranking it 5th in the nation.^[23]

UC san diego faculty,researchers,and alumni have won twenty Nobel Prizes,^[9] eight National Medals of Science, eight MacArthur Fellowships, two Pulitzer Prizes, and two Fields Medals.^[24][25] Additionally, of the current faculty, 29 have been elected to the National Academy of Engineering,^[25] 95 to the National Academy of Sciences, 45 to the Institute of Medicine and 106 to the American Academy of Arts and 

University of California, Los Angeles

University of California, Los Angeles

University of California, Los Angeles

The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) is a public research university located in the Westwoodneighborhood of Los Angeles, California, United States. It became the University of California Southern Branch in 1919, making it the second-oldest undergraduate campus of the ten-campus system after the original University of California campus in Berkeley (1873).^[12] It offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines.^[13] With an approximate enrollment of 30,000 undergraduate and 12,000 graduate students, UCLA has the highest enrollment of any university in California^{[citation needed]}and is the most applied to university in the United States with over 112,000 applications for fall 2015.^[14]

The Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2015–2016 ranks UCLA 16th in the world for academics and 13th in the world for reputation.^[15][16] In 2015/16, UCLA was ranked 27th in the QS World University Rankings,^[17] 12th in the world (10th in North America) by the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU)^[18] and 23rd in the world (13th in North America) in Financial Times' Global MBARankings.^[19] In 2013, Business Insider ranked UCLA as having the most driven students in the world.^[20] In 2015, the Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) ranked the university 15th in the world based on quality of education, alumni employment, quality of faculty, publications, influence, citations, broad impact, and patents.^[21]

The university is organized into five undergraduate colleges, seven professional schools, and four professional health science schools. The undergraduate colleges are the College of Letters and Science;Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science (HSSEAS); School of the Arts and Architecture; School of Theater, Film and Television; and School of Nursing. Thirteen^[22][23] Nobel laureates, one Fields Medalist,^[24] and three Turing Award winners^[25] have been faculty, researchers, or alumni. Among the current faculty members, 55 have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences, 28 to the National Academy of Engineering, 39 to the Institute of Medicine, and 124 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.^[26] The university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974.^[27]

UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pacific-12 Conference. The Bruins have won 125 national championships, including 112 NCAA team championships.^[28][29] UCLA student-athletes have won 250 Olympic medals: 125 gold, 65 silver and 60 bronze.^[30] The Bruins have competed in every Olympics since 1920 with one exception (1924), and have won a gold medal in every Olympics that the United States has participated in since 1932.^[31]

History

In March 1881, after heavy lobbying by Los Angeles residents, the California State Legislature authorized the creation of a southern branch of the California State Normal School (which later became San Jose State University) in downtown Los Angeles to train teachers for the growing population of Southern California. The State Normal School at Los Angeles opened on August 29, 1882, on what is now the site of the Central Library of the Los Angeles Public Library system. The new facility included an elementary school where teachers-in-training could practice their teaching technique on children. That elementary school is related to the present day version, UCLA Lab School. In 1887, the school became known as the Los Angeles State Normal School.^[32]

The Los Angeles branch ofCalifornia State Normal School, 1881.

In 1914, the school moved to a new campus on Vermont Avenue (now the site of Los Angeles City College) in East Hollywood. In 1917, UC Regent Edward Augustus Dickson, the only regent representing the Southland at the time, and Ernest Carroll Moore, Director of the Normal School, began working together to lobby the State Legislature to enable the school to become the second University of California campus, after UC Berkeley. They met resistance from UC Berkeley alumni, Northern California members of the state legislature, and Benjamin Ide Wheeler, President of the University of California from 1899 to 1919, who were all vigorously opposed to the idea of a southern campus. However, David Prescott Barrows, the new President of the University of California, did not share Wheeler's objections. On May 23, 1919, the Southern Californians' efforts were rewarded when GovernorWilliam D. Stephens signed Assembly Bill 626 into law, which merged the Los Angeles Normal School with the University of California as the Southern Branch of the University of California. The same legislation added its general undergraduate program, the College of Letters and Science.^[33] The Southern Branch campus opened on September 15 of that year, offering two-year undergraduate programs to 250 Letters and Science students and 1,250 students in the Teachers College, under Moore's continued direction

University of California, Santa Barbara

University of California, Santa Barbara

University of California, Santa Barbara

The University of California, Santa Barbara (commonly referred to as UC Santa Barbara or UCSB) is a public research university and one of the 10 campuses of the University of California system. The main campus is located on a 1,022-acre (414 ha) site near Goleta, California, United States, 8 miles (13 km) from Santa Barbara and 100 miles (160 km) northwest of Los Angeles. Tracing its roots back to 1891 as an independent teachers' college, UCSB joined the University of California system in 1944 and is the third-oldest general-education campus in the system.

UCSB is one of America's Public Ivy universities, which recognizes top public research universities in the United States. The university is a comprehensive doctoral university and is organized into five colleges and schools offering 87 undergraduate degrees and 55 graduate degrees. UCSB was ranked 37th among "National Universities", 8th among U.S. public universities and 28th among Best Global Universities by U.S. News & World Report 's 2016 rankings.^[4] The university was also ranked 39th worldwide by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings^[5] and 38th worldwide (tied for 17th worldwide in engineering) by the Academic Ranking of World Universities in 2015.^[6][7]

UC Santa Barbara is a "very high activity" research university with twelve national research centers,^[8]including the renowned Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics.^[9] Current UCSB faculty includes six Nobel Prize laureates, one Fields Medalist, 29 members of the National Academy of Sciences, 27 members of the National Academy of Engineering, and 31 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.^[10] UCSB was the No. 3 host on the ARPAnet and was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1995.

The UC Santa Barbara Gauchos compete in the Big West Conference of the NCAA Division I. The gauchos have won NCAA national championships in men`s soccer and men`s water polo.

History

Main article: History of the University of California, Santa Barbara

UCSB traces its origins back to the Anna Blake School which was founded in 1891 and offered training in home economics and industrial arts.^[11][12] The Anna Blake School was taken over by the state in 1909 and became the Santa Barbara State Normal School, which then became the Santa Barbara State College in 1921. Intense lobbying by an interest group in the City of Santa Barbara, led by Thomas Storke and Pearl Chase, persuaded the State Legislature, Governor Earl Warren, and the Regents of the University of California to move the State College over to the more research-oriented University of California system in 1944. The State College system sued to stop the takeover, but the Governor did not support the suit. A state initiative was passed, however, to stop subsequent conversions of State Colleges to University of California campuses.^[13] From 1944 to 1958 the school was known as Santa Barbara College of the University of California, before taking on its current name. When the vacated Marine Corps training station in Goleta was purchased for the rapidly growing college, Santa Barbara City College moved into the vacated State College buildings.^[14]

Originally, the Regents envisioned a small, several thousand-student liberal arts college, a so-called "Williams College of the West", at Santa Barbara. Chronologically, UCSB is the third general-education campus of the University of California, after Berkeley and UCLA (the only other state campus to have been acquired by the UC system). The original campus the Regents acquired in Santa Barbara was located on only 100 acres (40 ha) of largely unusable land on a seaside mesa. The availability of a 400-acre (160 ha) portion of the land used as Marine Corps Air Station Santa Barbara until 1946 on another seaside mesa in Goleta, which the Regents could acquire for free from the federal government, led to that site becoming the Santa Barbara campus in 1949. Originally, only 3000–3500 students were anticipated, but the post WWII baby boom led to the designation of general campus in 1958, along with a name change from "Santa Barbara College" to "University of California, Santa Barbara," and the discontinuation of the industrial arts program for which the State college was famous. A Chancellor, Samuel B. Gould, was appointed in 1959. All of this change was done in accordance with the California Master Plan for Higher Education.