Stanford University

Stanford University
Stanford University

Stanford University (officially Leland Stanford Junior University) is a private research university inStanford, California, and one of the world's leading educational institutions,^{[10][11][12][13]} with the top position in numerous rankings and measures in the United States.^{[14][15][16][17][18][19][20]}

Stanford was founded in 1885 by Leland Stanford,former Governor of and U.S. Senator from California and leading railroad tycoon,and his wife, Jane Lathrop Stanford, in memory of their only child, Leland Stanford, Jr., who had died of typhoid fever at age 15 the previous year. Stanford was opened on October 1, 1891^[2][3]as a coeducational and non-denominational institution. Tuition was free until 1920.^[21][22] The university struggled financially after Leland Stanford's 1893 death and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.^[23] Following World War II, Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates' entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as Silicon Valley. By 1970, Stanford was home to a linear accelerator, and was one of the original fourARPANET nodes (precursor to the Internet).^[24]

The main campus is located in northern Santa Clara Valley adjacent to Palo Alto and between San Jose andSan Francisco. Other holdings, such as laboratories, and nature reserves, are located outside the main campus.^[7][25] Its 8,180-acre (3,310 ha)^[25] campus is one of the largest in the United States.^[8] The university is also one of the top fundraising institutions in the country, becoming the first school to raise more than a billion dollars in a year.^[26]

Stanford's academic strength is broad with 40 departments in the three academic schools that have undergraduate students and another four professional schools. Students compete in 36 varsity sports, and the university is one of two private institutions in the Division I FBS Pacific-12 Conference. It has gained 107NCAA team championships, the second-most for a university, 476 individual championships, the most in Division I,^[27] and has won the NACDA Directors' Cup, recognizing the university with the best overall athletic team achievement, every year since 1994-1995.^[28]

Stanford faculty and alumni have founded many companies including Google, Hewlett-Packard, Nike, Sun Microsystems, Instagram and Yahoo!, and companies founded by Stanford alumni generate more than $2.7 trillion in annual revenue, equivalent to the 10th-largest economy in the world.^[29] It is the alma mater of 30 living billionaires, 17 astronauts, and 18 Turing Award laureates.^{[note 2]} It is also one of the leading producers of members of the United States Congress.^[48][49] The University has affiliated with 59 Nobel laureates and 2 Fields Medalists (when awarded).^[50][51]

History

Origins and early years (1885–1906)[edit]

The university officially opened on October 1, 1891 to 555 students. On the university's opening day, Founding President David Starr Jordan (1851–1931) said to Stanford's Pioneer Class: "[Stanford] is hallowed by no traditions; it is hampered by none. Its finger posts all point forward."^[52] However, much preceded the opening and continued for several years until the death of the last Founder, Jane Stanford, in 1905 and the destruction of the 1906 earthquake.

Foundation[edit]

Stanford was founded by Leland Stanford, a railroad magnate, U.S. senator, and former California governor, together with his wife, Jane Lathrop Stanford. It is named in honor of their only child, Leland Stanford, Jr., who died in 1884 from typhoid fever just before his 16th birthday. His parents decided to dedicate a university to their only son, and Leland Stanford told his wife, "The children of California shall be our children."^[2] The Stanfords visited Harvard's president,Charles Eliot, and asked whether he should establish a university, technical school or museum. Eliot replied that he should found a university and an endowment of $5 million would suffice (in 1884 dollars; about $131 million today^[53]).^[54]

Leland Stanford, the university's founder, as painted by Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier in 1881 and now on display at the Cantor Center

The university's Founding Grant of Endowment from the Stanfords was issued in November 1885.^[55] Besides defining the operational structure of the university, it made several specific stipulations:

"The Trustees ... shall have the power and it shall be their duty:

• To establish and maintain at such University an educational system, which will, if followed, fit the graduate for some useful pursuit, and to this end to cause the pupils, as easily as may be, to declare the particular calling, which, in life, they may desire to pursue; ...
• To prohibit sectarian instruction, but to have taught in the University the immortality of the soul, the existence of an all-wise and benevolent Creator, and that obedience to His laws is the highest duty of man.
• To have taught in the University the right and advantages of association and co-operation.
• To afford equal facilities and give equal advantages in the University to both sexes.
• To maintain on the Palo Alto estate a farm for instruction in agriculture in all its branches."

Though the trustees are in overall charge of the university, Leland and Jane Stanford as Founders retained great control until their deaths.